貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)給美國(guó)各行業(yè)造成重大影響圖
一、美國(guó)發(fā)起貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)付出了高昂的成本
關(guān)稅,即美國(guó)人自己支付的稅金,需要從美國(guó)農(nóng)民、零售商、制造商、企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者腰包中掏出。
根據(jù)迄今為止支付的進(jìn)口月關(guān)稅數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)每秒鐘就會(huì)耗費(fèi)美國(guó)人810美元的成本。然而實(shí)際數(shù)字之高,遠(yuǎn)不止如此數(shù)字,因?yàn)檫@不包括報(bào)復(fù)性關(guān)稅成本,報(bào)復(fù)性關(guān)稅使美國(guó)出口直線下降。換句話說(shuō),就是美國(guó)農(nóng)民遭受損失所支付的項(xiàng)目?jī)r(jià)格成本,或者說(shuō)使更廣泛的美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)部門遭受關(guān)稅連鎖反應(yīng)打擊,這還不包括貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)所產(chǎn)生的不確定性成本,即美國(guó)企業(yè)喪失對(duì)未來(lái)投資和增長(zhǎng)的規(guī)劃能力。
關(guān)稅對(duì)美國(guó)社會(huì)已構(gòu)成傷害性影響。隨著中美貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)持續(xù),美國(guó)農(nóng)民、工人和消費(fèi)者深受其害。
農(nóng)業(yè)方面:貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)導(dǎo)致的報(bào)復(fù)性關(guān)稅對(duì)美國(guó)出口構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重影響,尤其是美國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品首當(dāng)其沖。最新數(shù)據(jù)顯示,因?yàn)槭艿綀?bào)復(fù),美國(guó)產(chǎn)品出口下降37%。
3.8億美元($380 MILLION):因?yàn)殛P(guān)稅,僅開(kāi)心果種植戶就遭受3.8億美元的損失。
27萬(wàn)噸(270,000 TONS):2017年中國(guó)購(gòu)買了華盛頓州27萬(wàn)噸小麥。一年后下降為零。
制造業(yè)方面(MANUFACTURING):關(guān)稅令關(guān)鍵投入價(jià)格上漲,造成美國(guó)公司財(cái)務(wù)業(yè)績(jī)不佳,同時(shí),收入不斷下降導(dǎo)致了生產(chǎn)物品需求減少。
5.45億美元($545 MILLION):2018年9月,僅鋼材和鋁材關(guān)稅就令美國(guó)公司損失5.45億美元。
就業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加(JOBS AT RISK):美國(guó)制造業(yè)工作的一半依賴于出口,因此,關(guān)稅將令美國(guó)成千上萬(wàn)人失業(yè)。
消費(fèi)者(CONSUMERS):整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)及工業(yè)部門深感壓力,許多家庭收緊家庭預(yù)算。關(guān)稅同時(shí)也使日用品和其他物品價(jià)格升高。
科技行業(yè)(TECHNOLOGY) :幾乎每一個(gè)現(xiàn)代工業(yè)都依靠科技推動(dòng)發(fā)展。對(duì)關(guān)鍵零部件征稅意味著技術(shù)價(jià)格增高,使企業(yè)在數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)變得步履維艱。當(dāng)科技公司生產(chǎn)和投資越來(lái)越少,服務(wù)質(zhì)量會(huì)隨之下降。
家庭用品增加10%:公司和企業(yè)不能消化的成本會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)嫁給消費(fèi)者。許多家庭用品如洗發(fā)水已領(lǐng)受10%的關(guān)稅。
增高12億美元($1.2 BILLION INCREASE):對(duì)旅游產(chǎn)品加征關(guān)稅將會(huì)使度假休閑越來(lái)越昂貴,比如行李箱和手提包,每年將會(huì)增加消費(fèi)者12億美元成本。
科技成本增高(COST INCREASES):如果科技公司在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施方面喪失投資能力,則消費(fèi)者將面臨互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和手機(jī)服務(wù)費(fèi)用成本的增高。
工作崗位移遷他國(guó)(JOBS MOVE ABROAD):國(guó)內(nèi)公司將把在美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)設(shè)施遷移國(guó)外,以取代美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)設(shè)施的組裝技術(shù)。
二、美國(guó)600多家企業(yè)聯(lián)名上書特朗普(TRUMP)
關(guān)稅給美國(guó)家庭、農(nóng)民、工人和企業(yè)造成重大影響的覆蓋區(qū)域圖
6月13日, 美國(guó)661家企業(yè)聯(lián)名上書特朗普,一致要求美國(guó)當(dāng)局避免征收額外關(guān)稅,盡早與中國(guó)達(dá)成協(xié)議。
上書稱:加證25%關(guān)稅的3000億美元產(chǎn)品,其中60%為消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品,這會(huì)令美國(guó)失去200萬(wàn)個(gè)工作崗位,對(duì)四口之家的一般美國(guó)家庭而言,會(huì)增加2000美元生活成本,將造成美國(guó)GDP下降1個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。
“加征的關(guān)稅是直接由美國(guó)企業(yè)支付稅金,而非中國(guó)?!鄙蠒赋?,“我們深知加征關(guān)稅將會(huì)給美國(guó)的企業(yè)、農(nóng)民、家庭以及美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)造成沉重負(fù)面的長(zhǎng)久沖擊?!?/p>
上書還特別強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō):“貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)升級(jí)不符合美國(guó)的核心利益,且將造成兩敗俱傷的后果。”
有關(guān)上書全文如下,供參考。
June 13, 2019
President Donald J. Trump
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue
Washington, DC 20500
Dear Mr. President,
On behalf of the undersigned companies below and the millions of workers we employ, we are writing regarding the ongoing trade dispute between the U.S. and China. We agree that our trading partners must abide by global trade rules, and we support the administration’s efforts to address unfair trading practices, including intellectual property violations, forced technology transfer and more. We encourage the administration to negotiate a strong deal with China that addresses longstanding structural issues, improves U.S. global competitiveness and eliminates tariffs. We believe this goal can be achieved without taxing Americans.
We remain concerned about the escalation of tit-for-tat tariffs. We know firsthand that the additional tariffs will have a significant, negative and long-term impact on American businesses, farmers, families and the U.S. economy. Broadly applied tariffs are not an effective tool to change China’s unfair trade practices. Tariffs are taxes paid directly by U.S. companies, including those listed below— not China. According to Trade Partnership Worldwide LLC, 25 percent tariffs on an additional $300 billion in imports (combined with the impact of already implemented tariffs and retaliation) would result in the loss of more than 2 million U.S. jobs, add more than $2,000 in costs for the average American family of four and reduce the value of U.S. GDP by 1.0 percent. Furthermore, we have seen repeatedly that tariff increases and uncertainty around these trade negotiations have created turmoil in the markets, threatening our historic economic growth.
Mr. President, we support your efforts to hold our trading partners accountable, level the playing field for American businesses and forge enforceable trade agreements. We urge your administration to get back to the negotiating table while working with our allies to develop global, enforceable solutions. An escalated trade war is not in the country’s best interest, and both sides will lose. We are counting on you to force a positive resolution that removes the current tariffs, fosters American competitiveness, grows our economy and protects our workers and customers.
Sincerely,
CC: Ambassador Robert Lighthizer, United States Trade Representative
Secretary Steven Mnuchin, Department of the Treasury
Secretary Wilbur Ross, Department of Commerce
Secretary Sonny Perdue, Department of Agriculture Director Larry Kudlow, National Economic Council
(注:本文編譯及摘自美國(guó)Phone2Action官網(wǎng))